Methodology: GAMAAN's online survey of Iranians' attitudes toward international relations, 21–30 September 2021, with 20,097 respondents inside Iran (weighted to the literate adult population). Findings: 65% oppose and 23% favour the "Death to Israel" slogan; 35% hold a positive and 48% a negative view of Israel.
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The Collapse of Lake Urmia
The lake's water fell from 32 billion m³ in 1995 to under half a billion in 2025 — more than 98% of it is gone.
Methodology: The 1995 figure (32 billion m³) and the 2025 figure (~0.5 billion m³, 581 km² surface area on 1 Aug 2025) were stated by Ahmadreza Lahijanzadeh, deputy for marine and wetland affairs at Iran's Department of Environment, via Iran International (10 Aug 2025). The 2024 value (~1.6 billion m³) is approximate, derived from Iran International's 18 Sep 2024 report that the lake had lost ~95% of its volume. The x-axis marks reported milestone years, not linear time.
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Israel's Answer to Water Scarcity
Through desalination and reuse, Israel turned scarcity into surplus — the same path that could help revive Lake Urmia.
Methodology: Israel reuses nearly 90% of its wastewater — the highest rate in the world and about four times Spain's 20% (second place) — per the Israel Water Authority, as reported by Fluence (2016) and corroborated by WaterWorld and other outlets. Separately, in 2022, 86% of Israel's drinking water came from desalination of seawater and brackish water (Wikipedia, "Water supply and sanitation in Israel"); five major plants — Ashkelon, Palmachim, Hadera, Sorek and Ashdod — supply roughly half the country's potable water, and the Sorek plant, at 624,000 m³/day, was the world's largest seawater reverse-osmosis facility when it opened in 2013 (Israel Desalination Society).
The dated facts
From the Jerusalem visit to the water crisis — each with the outlet and date that reported it.
The Cyrus Accords·The Jerusalem Post (Opinion)·18 September 2025
Israel's Minister of Innovation, Science and Technology, Gila Gamliel, published a prepared framework for peace between Israel and a free Iran — the Cyrus Accords, led (she wrote) by Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi's team, for the day after the Islamic Republic falls. It is written, not signed.
Gila Gamliel, "The Cyrus Accords: The beginning of a new chapter in Israel-Iran relations," The Jerusalem Post (Opinion), 18 September 2025.
The Jerusalem visit·Iran International·18 April 2023
In April 2023, Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi prayed at the Western Wall in Jerusalem and called for the day when Iranians and Israelis renew their historic friendship — the highest-profile visit by an Iranian figure in decades.
"Exiled prince prays in Jerusalem," Iran International, 18 April 2023.
Iranians ready for ties·The Times of Israel·19 April 2023
At a Tel Aviv press conference, Pahlavi said Iranians are ready for ties with Israel — “the minute our country is free, all the hostilities will cease.”
"Visiting Israel, son of last shah says Iranians ‘absolutely ready’ for Israel ties," The Times of Israel, 19 April 2023.
The water delegation·Iran International·3 September 2025
In September 2025, a delegation of experts sent by Pahlavi came to Israel to study its water technology. Minister Gamliel received them with a message to Iranians: “The Iranian people are not alone.”
Iran International, 10 August 2025 — Lake Urmia down to ~0.5 billion m³ (581 km²), per Iran's Department of Environment.
Iranian public opinion·GAMAAN·27 October 2021
In the largest survey of its kind — 20,097 Iranians inside Iran — 65% rejected the state's “Death to Israel” slogan, and 35% held a positive view of Israel.